The Ninja Turtles !

Our group consists of four girls studying at Management and Science University in Shah Alam. All of us taking the same course in Diploma in Medical Assistant starring with :

P/S : Our group had being given a task on VITAL SIGNS but we do more then we received to be share with you all :) ENJOY ENJOY everyone!

AIN FAIRUZAH AIMIE BINTI SHAMSUDDIN

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Chief of our group :)

 HAVING  A GREAT CO-OP WITH :

ALYA DHAMIRAH BINTI ZAMRI

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FATIN NURAIN BINTI KAMAR

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FATIN ATIKA BINTI ZULKIEFLI

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The name of our Group is "NINJA TURTLES". It is because of our strong commitment, co-operation and trustful to each other in doing a tasks :) 

Thank you to all members involved.

 I love you

VITAL SIGNS

Vital signs

Vital signs include the heart beat, breathing rate, temperature, and blood pressure. These signs may be watched, measured, and monitored to check an individual's level of physical functioning.
Normal vital signs change with age, sex, weight, exercise tolerance, and condition.
Normal vital sign ranges for the average healthy adult while resting are:
Blood pressure: 90/60 mm/Hg to 120/80 mm/Hg
Breathing: 12 - 18 breaths per minute
Pulse: 60 - 100 beats per minute
Temperature: 97.8 - 99.1 degrees Fahrenheit / average 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit

Remember, normal adult vital signs may change with age, sex, weight, exercise tolerance, and physical conditioning. Let's take a look at a quick reference guide to normal adult vital signs:
Temperature:
Oral - 98.6 F
Axillary - 97.6 F
Rectal - 99.6 F

Respirations:
• 12 - 20

Pulse:
• 60 - 100

Blood Pressure:
• Systolic: 100 - 140
Diastolic: 60 – 90

Oxygen Saturation Level:
95% to 100%
Keep in mind that most people with COPD can function just fine on saturation levels as low as 90%.
Be sure to ask your doctor at which level she wants your oxygen saturation level to be.

Body Mechanics

BODY MECHANICS

Definition: Body Mechanics is the study of proper body movement to prevent and correct posture problems, reduce stress and enhance physical capabilities.

What are Body Mechanics?

How the body moves is a component of Human Factors. Each joint has a certain motion allowed and a typical range of motion. There is also the need for the body to maintain balance that creates instinctual counter balancing movements at times. If you've ever seen a contortionist you have an appreciation as to the types and number of position the human body is capable of. They are not all comfortable or efficient however.

The mechanics of the body are created through the constriction of muscles and the effect that has on the skeleton. To understand body mechanics you must know a little bit about your own physiology and anatomy. But we can use a simplified model for our purpose.
The skeleton is a rigid structure connected through joints that allow for a hinging, sliding or rotational motion of the adjacent bones. Muscles are attached to the bone with a connective tissue (ligaments and tendons). The muscle has two states: relaxed and constricted. When nerve signals hit the muscle it constricts and scrunches itself up so that it is shorter than when it is relaxed. The tendon does not stretch so when the muscle constricts it pulls the tendon which is connected to the bone on the other side of the joint. That causes the bone to move in the manner the joint allows. If you constrict the bicep on your upper arm it moves the forearm by pulling on the tendon that goes across the elbow.
Muscles can only constrict (pull) and relax (stop pulling). They don't push. So muscles are balanced throughout the body so that motion caused by one muscle can be counter acted by another. The bicep on the front of the upper arm bends the forearm at the elbow where as the tricep on the back of the upper arm straightens the forearm out.
Body mechanics gives us insight into how people sit, stand, walk, jump, run, etc. Decades ago high jumpers jumped over the bar by kicking there front leg over it, kind of like the hurdle but 7 feet in the air. Then through a revolution in body mechanics the Fosbury Flop allowed jumpers to manipulate there body and center of gravity over the bar setting new world records that would not have been possible otherwise.
Body mechanics are used in Human Factors work to help represent what the human body and the population is capable of. Anthropometry will tell us if the task can be reached. Body mechanics will tell us what position the body will need to be in to reach it and if it is even capable of doing that. And that will lead into Human Performance.

WHAT IS ASEPSIS?

WHAT'S ASEPSIS ?
Asepsis :

1. freedom from infection or infectious material.

2. the absence of viable pathogenic organisms; see also aseptic technique. adj., adj asep´tic.(See accompanying table.)
medical asepsis the use of practices aimed at destroying pathological organisms after they leave the body; employed in the care of patients with infectious diseases to prevent reinfection of the patient and to avoid the spread of infection from one person to another. This is achieved by isolation precautions, in which the objects in the patient's environment are protected from contamination or disinfected as soon as possible after contamination.

surgical asepsis the exclusion of all microorganisms before they can enter an open surgical wound or contaminate a sterile field during surgery. See accompanying table. Measures taken include sterilization of all instruments, drapes, and all other inanimate objects that may come in contact with the surgical wound. All personnel coming in contact with the sterile field perform a surgical hand scrub with an antimicrobial agent and put on a surgical gown and gloves. Further information concerning aseptic technique and technical aspects of perioperative nursing practice can be found in the publication AORN Standards, Recommended Practices, and Guidelines, published by AORN, the Association of Perioperative Registered Nurses.

1. MEDICAL ASEPSIS

2. MEDICAL ASEPSIS All practices intended to confine a specific microorganism to a specific area, limiting their number, growth, and transmission. (Clean/ dirty/ contaminated) Procedures used to protect the client and his environment from the transmission of disease producing organisms that can transmit from one to the other

3. METHODS OF MEDICAL ASEPSIS Isolation precautions Hand washing Use of gown, mask, gloves, glasses Use of disposables, clean surfaces Concurrent and terminal disinfection Control and teaching of visitors/ relatives Developing staff health and hygiene and education Preventive vaccination, inoculation and medicines Use of labour saving and efficient devices for aseptic practices

4. ISOLATION PRECAUTIONS Isolation – Measures to prevent the spread of infections or potentially infectious organisms to health personnel, client and visitors Barrier technique (Reverse isolation) - Measures to protect highly susceptible (compromised) clients from infection

5. ISOLATION SYSTEMS USED IN HEALTH CARE AGENCIES Centers for Disease Control & prevention (CDC) precaution – involves procedures for - Category specific Isolation (CSI) precaution Disease specific isolation (DSI) precaution Universal precaution Body Substance Isolation (BSI) system

6. CDC ISOLATION PRECAUTIONS… Category Specific Isolation- Based on 7 categories- 1. Strict Isolation 2. Contact Isolation 3. Respiratory Isolation 4. TB Isolation 5. Enteric precautions 6. Drainage/ secretions precautions 7. Blood/ body fluid precautions

7. CDC ISOLATION PRECAUTIONS… Disease Specific Isolation – According to specific disease conditions Universal Precautions – Blood and body fluid precautions. Decrease the risk of transmitting unidentified pathogens Hepatitis B, C, and HIV Does not apply to feces, nasal secretions, sputum, sweat, tears, urine, vomitus unless they contain visible blood Used in conjunction with CSI & DSI

8. BODY SUBSTANCE ISOLATION Includes all body parts and secretions and excretions Does not include clients with airborne diseases Follows hand washing, gloving, gowning, wearing masks, eye wear, hair and shoe covers Adheres to needle destruction and disposal and proper disposal of waste

9. IMPLEMENTING ISOLATION PRECAUTIONS A nursing responsibility Based on comprehensive assessment of the client Status of client’s defense system Client's ability to implement isolation precautions Source and mode o transmission of infectious agent Follow specific precautions during therapies for client’s benefit Decision made on the method of isolation precaution

10. HAND WASHING Cut nails short, remove all jewelry, check for breaks/ cuts in the skin Turn on the water, adjust the flow Wet hands thoroughly under running water, apply soap Hold hands lower than the elbows Thoroughly wash and rinse the hands Use firm rubbing and circular movements the palm, back and wrist of each hand. Interlace fingers and thumbs and move the hands back and forth ---for 10seconds Turn off the water Dry hands thoroughly with a paper towel

11. USE OF FACE MASKS To reduce risk of transmission by droplet contact, air borne routes and splatters of body substances To be worn by – Those close to the client (in measles, mumps, Ac resp diseases) – large particle aerosols travel short distances (1 m of 3 ft) All persons entering the room ( in Pulm TB)- small particle aerosols remain suspended in the air, and thus travel great distances Masks – Should have good filtration effectiveness and fit - Do not carry them in the pocket or around the neck - Do not use them outside the unit - Use fresh mask each time (Disposable and non disposable masks) - Disinfect / Sterilize before next use

12. USE OF FACE MASKS.. Keep in a clean container near hand washing facility Mask should cover mouth and nose A secure fit prevents escape of exhaled air and fogging of eye glasses Fit the upper edges of the mask under the frame of eye glasses Avoid talking, sneezing, coughing Use only once, and not after it gets moist When removing mask first untie the lower strings Discard disposable mask in a waste container Wash hands

13. EYE WEAR Goggles or glasses Indicated when body substances may splatter the face

14. WEARING OF GOWN Clean or disposable gowns or plastic gowns – to protect nurse’s uniform Best – The fresh gown/ discard technique For repeated use – Provide a stand to hang on. Follow method to hang the gown Remove watch & jewelry Follow method to don a clean gown Follow precautions to remove a soiled gown and discard in proper container

15. WEARING OF GLOVE To protect the hands To protect the client Use clean gloves for medical asepsis No special technique while wearing clean gloves Pull up the gloves to cover the wrist/ sleeves of the gown Wash gloved hand before removing No special precautions to remove gloves If soiled, then follow precautions to remove them

16. OTHER ISOLATION PRECAUTIONS Client placement – Special rooms. Avoid transportation to other rooms Care of soiled equipment and supplies- disposal, cleaning, disinfecting, sterilizing Bagging – Follow colour coding Linen – Least handling of soiled linen Lab specimens –Leak proof containers with secure lid. Prevent outside contamination Needles and sharps – Avoid recapping. Puncture resistant container

17. SUPPORTING DEFENSES OF A SUSCEPTIBLE HOST Susceptibility – The degree to which an individual can be affected. It can be reduced by – Hygiene – Mental and physical Immunizations Nutrition Fluid Rest & sleep Relief from Stress

18. INFECTION CONTROL FOR HEALTH CARE WORKERS Occupational exposure from – Puncture wounds Skin contact Mucus membrane contact Precautions with medical asepsis – Use appropriate personal protective equipment Avoid carelessness in the clinical area Good nutrition Immunization Rest & sleep

19. SPECIAL POINTS IN MEDICAL ASEPTIC METHOD Follow proper technique for admitting patients – Use of gown, mask, gloves, glasses, clean surfaces, stock supplies .. Concurrent disinfection Terminal disinfection Control and teaching of visitors & relatives Staff health & hygiene & health education Vaccinations & medications to prevent infections Use of labour saving devices and more efficient methods for aseptic practices